Protective effect of Asarum polysaccharide on H1N1 influenza virus infection and expression of inflammatory factors / 中国中药杂志

In this paper, Asarum polysaccharides(AP) were extracted, and its composition was analyzed to study the activity against H1 N1 influenza virus in vitro and its intervention effect on mice with kidney Yang deficiency syndrome. AP was prepared by the strategy of water extraction and alcohol precipitation, the content was determined, and its monosaccharide composition was analyzed. The cell Real-time monitoring system and Reed-Muench model were adopted to evaluate the antiviral activity of AP in vitro. And the mouse model of kidney Yang deficiency syndrome was established in vivo to compare the efficacy of Mahuang Xixin Fuzi Decoction(MXF) and AP. MXF group and AP group were treated with clinical equivalent doses of 1.8 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1) and 0.077 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1) respectively, once a day for 6 consecutive days. Real-time PCR was used to detect the relative expression of M gene of H1 N1 influenza virus and cytokines in lung tissue. The content of AP in Asarum was 25.22%, and the protein content was 0.8%. And the monosaccharide composition was identified as L-rhamnose, D-arabinose, D-xylose, D-glucose, D-galactose and D-mannose. TI values of Tamiflu, MXF and AP were 30.00, 8.06 and 10.33, respectively. Three different doses of AP could significantly reduce the concentration of virus in supernatant. Compared with the model mice, lung indexes of MXF group and AP group decreased significantly(P<0.05), and the relative expression of M gene decreased significantly(P<0.05). The relative expressions of IL-10 and IFN-γ were up-regulated to varying degrees, while the relative gene expressions of IL-1β, IL-6 and MCP-1 were down-regulated to different degrees. In addition, AP could significantly enhance the expression of TNF-α(P<0.01). AP had a good anti-influenza virus activity in vitro, and could protect mice with kidney Yang deficiency syndrome by reducing the viral load in lung tissue, decreasing inflammation damage in lung tissue, and regulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Compared with the prescription of MXF, AP had a better antiviral activity.

Houttuynia cordata polysaccharide alleviated intestinal injury and modulated intestinal microbiota in H1N1 virus infected mice / 中国天然药物

Houttuynia cordata polysaccharide (HCP) is extracted from Houttuynia cordata, a key traditional Chinese medicine. The study was to investigate the effects of HCP on intestinal barrier and microbiota in H1N1 virus infected mice. Mice were infected with H1N1 virus and orally administrated HCP at a dosage of 40 mg(kg(d. H1N1 infection caused pulmonary and intestinal injury and gut microbiota imbalance. HCP significantly suppressed the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α and decreased mucosubstances in goblet cells, but restored the level of zonula occludens-1 in intestine. HCP also reversed the composition change of intestinal microbiota caused by H1N1 infection, with significantly reduced relative abundances of Vibrio and Bacillus, the pathogenic bacterial genera. Furthermore, HCP rebalanced the gut microbiota and restored the intestinal homeostasis to some degree. The inhibition of inflammation was associated with the reduced level of Toll-like receptors and interleukin-1β in intestine, as well as the increased production of interleukin-10. Oral administration of HCP alleviated lung injury and intestinal dysfunction caused by H1N1 infection. HCP may gain systemic treatment by local acting on intestine and microbiota. This study proved the high-value application of HCP.

Study on antigenic epitope prediction methods of HA protein of H1N1 influenza virus / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the antigenic epitope prediction method of hemagglutinin (HA) protein of influenza A (H1N1) virus.@*Methods@#BALB/c mice were conventionally immunized with influenza H1N1 vaccine. The splenocytes from the immunized mouse were fused with SP2/0 mouse myeloma cell line, and then the antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were obtained by screening hybridoma supernatants. ELISA blocking test was used to detect the blocking result of each monoclonal antibody, which was labeled by horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The light and heavy chain variable region genes of each antibody were cloned, the amino acid sites of the antibody-binding HA antigen epitope were predicted by computer simulation.@*Results@#Three hybridoma cell lines of stable secreting anti-H1N1 influenza virus HA protein were obtained.Three mAbs were divided into two categories by ELISA blocking tests, which were divided into two categories according to preliminary results of computer simulation.@*Conclusions@#ELISA blocking test and computer simulation prediction can prove each other in predication of the antigenic epitopes of HA protein of H1N1 influenza virus.

Study on Anti-influenza Virus H1N1 Activity of Main Ingredients from Microemulsion Extract of Compound Longqincaoin Vitro / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To study the effects of main ingredients from microemulsion extract of Compound Longqincao in vitro on anti-influenza virus H1N1 activity; To analyze effects of main ingredients from microemulsion extract on influenza virus inhibition rate.Methods Uniform design was used to conduct the experiment. MTT method was used to detect the effect rate (ER) of anti-influenza virus H1N1 on A549 cells. Setting ER as the index, Minitab17 software was used to establish mathematical model to come up with regression equations of all factors. The effects of ingredients on ER were analyzed and the efficient composition ratio of the optimum anti-influenza virus H1N1 was chosen.ResultsIn the compound compatibility, baicalin showed the most obvious antivirus activity, and licorice glycosides had certain inhibition effects on pathological changes of cells. Five ingredients had coordinative or controlled relation with ER. When per milliliter liquids containing licorice glycosides, baicalin, leucine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid was 13.94μg, 49.44μg, 0.23 mg, 1.25 mg, and 2.50 mg, ER was the best. ER was 85.34%±4.72% after verification.ConclusionThe optimized combination of main ingredients from microemulsion extract of Compound Longqincaocan better play a role in anti-influenza virus H1N1.

Hospitalised Malaysian children with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza: clinical characteristics, risk factors for severe disease and comparison with the 2002-2007 seasonal influenza

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>The pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza virus in 2009 resulted in extensive morbidity and mortality worldwide. As the virus was a novel virus, there was limited data available on the clinical effects of the virus on children in Malaysia. Herein, we describe the clinical characteristics of children hospitalised with H1N1 influenza in a tertiary care centre; we also attempted to identify the risk factors associated with disease severity.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In this retrospective study, we compared the characteristics of the children who were admitted into the University of Malaya Medical Centre, Malaysia, for H1N1 influenza during the pandemic with those who were admitted for seasonal influenza in 2002-2007.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 77 children (aged ≤ 12 years) admitted to the centre due to H1N1 influenza from 1 July 2009-30 June 2010, nearly 60% were aged < 6 years and 40.3% had an underlying medical condition. The top three underlying medical conditions were bronchial asthma (14.3%), cardiac disease (10.4%) and neurological disorder (11.7%). The risk factors for severe disease were age < 2 years, underlying bronchial asthma and chronic lung disease. The three patients who died had a comorbid medical condition. The underlying cause of the deaths was acute respiratory distress syndrome or shock.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The clinical presentation of the children infected with the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus did not differ significantly from that of children infected with seasonal influenza. However, there were more complaints of fever, cough and vomiting in the former group.</p>

Adjuvant effect of Epimedium polysaccharide for H1N1 influenza viruses split vaccine / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective To study the adjuvant effect of Epimedium polysaccharide co-immunized with H1N1 influenza virus split vaccine. Methods BALB/c mice were intramuscularly injected H1N1 virus lysate premixed with Epimedium polysaccharide G1, G4 and saline, respectively. The titer of serum antibody of mice was determined by ELISA two weeks after the initial immunization. The proliferation of T lymphocytes was measured by MTT assay and the levels of lymphocyte cytokines IFN-γ and IL-4 were determined by ELISA. CD4 +, CD8 +, CD3 + and CD19+ lymphocyte populations were determined by flow cytometry. Results Epimedium polysaccharides, G1 and G4, could rapidly induce the production of high levels of serum antibody against H1N1 in mice. The polysaccharides could significantly promote lymphocytes proliferation and IFN-γ secretion. The contents of CD4 +, CD8 + and CD3 +, the ratio of CD3 + and CD19+ (CD3+/CD19+) were promoted in the polysaccharides groups. Conclusion These polysaccharides could induce significant immune response against H1N1 in mice without observable toxicity. They should be further evaluated as a useful adduvant candidate for H1N1 influenza virus split vaccine.

Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum, Pneumothorax, and Subcutaneous Emphysema Complicating H1N1 Virus Infection / 대한내과학회지

Since April 2009, outbreaks of the new influenza A (H1N1) virus have occurred worldwide. The spectrum of disease caused by H1N1 infection ranges from non-febrile, mild upper respiratory tract illness to severe or fatal pneumonia. Rapidly progressive respiratory diseases, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and renal or multi-organ failure, have accounted for severely affected inpatients. Complex cases involving myocarditis, encephalitis, and myositis have been described. However, pulmonary air-leak syndrome, consisting of spontaneous pneumomediastinal emphysema, pneumothorax, and subcutaneous emphysema complicating pneumonia with the H1N1 virus, has not previously been reported in Korea. Here, we report a case of pulmonary air-leak syndrome complicating H1N1 infection that was resolved with an antiviral agent, high-flow oxygen, and fluid therapy.

Severe Pneumonia Caused by 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus in Children and Corticosteroid Treatment / 소아감염

PURPOSE: The effect of corticosteroid on severe pneumonia caused by 2009 pandemic influenza (H1N1) A virus is controversial. This study was aimed to present the effects of early, short-term corticosteroid treatment for severe pneumonia with this virus infection. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on severe pneumonia patients (37 patients) who had severe respiratory distress at presentation requiring oxygen therapy and received intravenous methylprednisolone (MP, 8-10 mg/kg, divided in 4 doses/day for 2-3 days) with oseltamivir. The clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients were evaluated through the medical records and chest radiographic findings. RESULTS: The mean age and male-to-female ratio of the patients were 6.5+/-2.9 years of age, and 3.4:1 (male 29 patients), respectively. The 5-9 aged group was predominant among the age groups (25 patients, 67.6%). Duration of fever prior to admission was 1.4+/-0.6 days and dyspnea developed within 24 h after beginning of respiratory symptoms in all patients. All patients were previously healthy and received oseltamivir within 48 h. Thirteen patients (35.1%) developed dyspnea during oseltamivir treatment. Following MP infusion, all 37 patients including 13 progressive pneumonia patients during oseltamivir treatment showed an immediate halt in the progression of pneumonic infiltration with rapid clinical improvement. There were no side-effects following steroid use. CONCLUSION: For severe pneumonia patients, early corticosteroid treatment halted clinical exacerbation, and possibly prevented progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Further controlled clinical studies are needed for the role of corticosteroids and antivirals on severely affected patients with influenza virus infections.

Neumonía por virus de la influenza A H1N1 en un adolescente / Pneumonia due to A H1N1 influenza virus in an adolescent

Se presenta el primer caso clínico de un adolescente de 11 años de edad, ingresado en la Unidad de Cuidados Progresivos del Hospital Infantil Norte Dr Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira de Santiago de Cuba por presentar, desde hacía 4 días, malestar general, fiebre, tos, dolor en la garganta y falta de aire. Se diagnosticó una neumonía adquirida en la comunidad, causada por el virus de la influenza A H1N1, lo cual fue confirmado con los resultados de los exámenes complementarios. El paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente y fue egresado a los 16 días

The case history of a 11 year-old adolescent that was admitted in the Progressive Care Unit of Dr Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira Northern Children Hospital in Santiago de Cuba is presented because he had diffuse discomfort, fever, cough, sore throat and apnea during 4 days. A community acquired pneumonia was diagnosed, caused by the A H1N1 influenza virus, which was confirmed with the results of the additional tests. The patient evolved satisfactorily and he was discharged in 16 days

Influenza H1N1 surveillance and analysis of genetic characteristics of predominant strains in Quanzhou during 2009 / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To investigate the influenza H1N1 virus surveillance of 2009 in Quanzhou,and analyze the HA and NA gene of influenza H1N1 virus, explore its genetic variation and molecular characteristics. Methods During the influenza H1N1 virus surveillance in Quanzhou,specimens of throat swabs from the patients with influenza were collected, and detected by real-time RT-PCR. Viruses were isolated with MDCK cells and identified with serological test. Two influenza virus isolates were extracted, and their HA and NA genes were amplified by RT-PCR. The purified PCR products were sequenced. The data obtained were analyzed with the software DNAMAN. Results Of 1020, influenza H1N1 virus RNA was detected in 200 specimens, seasonal influenza virus RNA was detected in 70 specimens. A total of 29 influenza A H1N1 virus strains were isolated. The nucleotide homology in the HA gene was highly homologous with that of pandemic influenza virus in North America. The amino acids sequences deduced from the nucleotide sequences in HA region of the isolated strain had 22 variations compared with A/Brisbane/59/2007 vaccine strain recommend by WHO,the characteristics of α2,6 sialic acid receptor binding remained. The analysis of amino acids sequences of NA indicated that this virus possessed Oseltamivir sensitivity. Conclusion The causative influenza H1N1 strains in Quanzhou is highly homologous with that of pandemic influenza in North America, and it is antigenically and genetically different from the vaccine strain.

Study of Fanggan Decoction,s death prevention on mouse and inhibition effects on Influenza A virus / 中华中医药杂志

Objective:To study the Fanggan Decoction,s death prevention on mouse and inhibition effects on Influenza A virus in vivo.Methods:After setting up the model of mouse infected with Influenza A virus(H1N1),we observed the death prevention with Fanggan Decoction,done hemagglutination test and detected the dynamic contents of virus with Real-Time Fluorescence Quantitative RT-PCR.Results:Fanggan Decoction can prevent the death of infected mouse and delay the survival time.The death rate was 66.67%,33.33% and 25% respectively in low,middle and high dose of Fanggan Decoction groups and the average survival time was respectively 8.75 days,11.41 days and 12.33 days.Virus contents reached peak on the 5th day,while compared with the model group,virus contents were lower in each Fanggan Decoction groups,especial in the middle and high dose groups.Conclusion:Fanggan Decoction had good effect in inhibiting Influenza A virus,and can prevent the death of infected mouse,delay the survival time,while get better antivirus dose-effect relationship at double dose.